Decolonisation – India’s Push to Replace Colonial-Era Symbols Gains Momentum
Decolonisation – Over the last decade, the Union government led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has introduced a series of changes aimed at reducing the influence of colonial-era traditions and institutions in India. These measures have touched various aspects of public life, including governance, legal systems, national ceremonies, education, infrastructure and official nomenclature. The broader objective, according to the government, is to strengthen India’s cultural identity and align state institutions more closely with indigenous traditions and historical heritage.
New Parliament Reflects Indigenous Design Elements
Among the most significant developments has been the inauguration of a new Parliament building. Replacing the structure designed during British rule by architects Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker, the new complex incorporates themes rooted in Indian culture and symbolism. A notable addition is the Sengol, a ceremonial sceptre associated with historical traditions from southern India.
The interiors of the building also draw inspiration from national symbols. The Lok Sabha chamber reflects the peacock theme, while the Rajya Sabha chamber is based on the lotus. A courtyard centred around a banyan tree serves as a focal point within the complex, highlighting elements considered integral to India’s heritage.
Naval Ensign Redesigned With Historical References
In 2022, the Indian Navy adopted a new ensign, replacing a design that included the St George’s Cross, a symbol linked to British naval history. The updated emblem features the national flag, the Ashoka emblem and a blue octagonal framework surrounding an anchor. The Navy’s motto, “Sam No Varuna,” appears in Devanagari script. Officials stated that the redesign was inspired by the maritime legacy associated with Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.
Changes to National Landmarks and Public Spaces
A major symbolic change came with the renaming of Rajpath to Kartavya Path. The government described the move as reflecting a shift from colonial concepts of authority toward public service and responsibility.
At the same time, a statue of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose was installed near India Gate, replacing a site once occupied by a statue of King George V. The Amar Jawan Jyoti flame was also integrated with the flame at the National War Memorial, which serves as the country’s primary monument dedicated to military personnel who sacrificed their lives in service.
Republic Day Ceremony Adopts More Indian Elements
The traditional Beating the Retreat ceremony has also undergone modifications. New musical compositions were introduced during celebrations marking 75 years of Indian independence. Songs such as “Ae Mere Watan Ke Logon” and “Sare Jahan Se Achha” became part of the programme. Indian classical instruments, including the sitar, santoor and tabla, have been incorporated into performances, giving the event a stronger indigenous character.
Island Renaming and Legal Reforms
In the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, three locations previously carrying British-era names were renamed in 2018. Ross Island became Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Dweep, Neil Island was renamed Shaheed Dweep and Havelock Island was redesignated Swaraj Dweep.
The government has also introduced extensive legal reforms. The Indian Penal Code, Indian Evidence Act and Code of Criminal Procedure have been replaced by the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam and Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, respectively. In addition, more than 1,500 outdated central laws have been repealed since 2014.
Budget Traditions and Administrative Renaming
Several longstanding administrative practices have changed in recent years. In 2019, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman presented the Union Budget using a traditional bahi khata instead of the colonial-era briefcase. Budget presentation dates were revised to 1 February, while the Railway Budget was merged with the Union Budget beginning with the 2017-18 financial year.
Government buildings and official addresses have also been renamed. Race Course Road became Lok Kalyan Marg, while various government offices have received names intended to reflect public service-oriented values.
Focus on Literature, Education and Language
The government has also highlighted literary works that were once prohibited by British authorities during the freedom movement. These publications have been catalogued and made more accessible through initiatives involving the National Archives of India.
In education, the National Education Policy places greater emphasis on learning through Indian languages. Officials have presented the policy as part of a wider effort to strengthen local linguistic traditions and reduce dependence on foreign-language instruction in the education system.